Summer

Summer is the warmest season of the year in each hemisphere, occurring between spring and autumn. Its timing and length depend on latitude and how seasons are defined.

Earth's axial tilt: Earth's rotational axis is tilted about 23.4 degrees relative to the plane of its orbit around the Sun. The hemisphere tilted toward the Sun receives higher-angle sunlight and longer days in summer.
Midnight sun: The midnight sun is a period when the Sun remains above the horizon at local midnight in polar regions. Continuous daylight occurs during summer north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle.
Growing season: The growing season is the period when local temperatures and conditions allow plants to grow. Summer often supplies warmth and daylight that support rapid crop and plant growth.
Winter: Winter is the coldest season of the year in each hemisphere, between autumn and spring. It is summer's opposite in temperature and daylight within the same hemisphere.
Solar declination: Solar declination is the angle between the Sun's rays and Earth's equatorial plane. Its seasonal north–south shift determines where sunlight falls most directly during summer.
Polar day: Polar day is a period of continuous daylight lasting at least 24 hours within the Arctic or Antarctic Circle. It is an extreme summer daylight pattern caused by Earth's tilted axis.
Summer solstice celebrations: Summer solstice celebrations are cultural observances marking the longest day or the Sun's seasonal turning point. Many communities organize festivals around the season's peak daylight.
Spring: Spring is the temperate season between winter and summer, often marked by rising temperatures and renewed plant growth. It precedes summer as daylight and warmth increase.
Summer solstice: The summer solstice is the date when a hemisphere has its longest daylight period of the year. It marks the Sun's greatest apparent distance north or south of the celestial equator.
Monsoon: A monsoon is a seasonal reversal of winds that often brings a distinct rainy season. In parts of South and East Asia, summer heating helps drive monsoon circulation and heavy rain.

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