Surgery

Surgery is the branch of medicine that treats disease and injury through operative procedures, using instruments and techniques to alter or repair the body.

Preoperative assessment: The evaluation of a patient’s health and risks before an operation. It identifies conditions that may change the operation’s safety or plan.
Incision: A deliberate cut made in tissue, especially to access an internal structure. An incision provides access while influencing healing and scarring.
General surgery: A surgical specialty treating a broad range of conditions, especially those involving the abdomen and digestive tract. It covers common operations across several body systems.
Conservative management: Treatment that avoids surgery, often using observation, medication, or rehabilitation. It can be chosen when an operation offers little benefit or carries excessive risk.
Surgical complications: Adverse events that occur during or after an operation. Complications are a central part of estimating operative risk and planning follow-up.
Anesthesia: The use of drugs or techniques to prevent pain and awareness during medical procedures. It makes many operations tolerable while supporting vital functions.
Hemostasis: The arrest of bleeding from damaged blood vessels. Controlling bleeding preserves visibility and limits blood loss during operations.
Cardiothoracic surgery: A surgical specialty involving the heart, lungs, and other structures in the chest. It applies operative methods to major organs within the thorax.
Medical therapy: Treatment of disease using medicines or other nonoperative interventions. It treats many conditions without physically altering tissue through an operation.
Surgical site infection: An infection occurring in the area of a surgical incision or procedure. It is a preventable complication monitored after many operations.

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