Symon Petliura

Symon Petliura was a Ukrainian political and military leader who headed the Ukrainian People’s Republic during its struggle for independence after the Russian Revolution.

Ukrainian national movement: A political movement seeking recognition, autonomy, or independence for Ukraine and its people. Its growth supplied the organizations and ideas behind Petliura’s political career.
Ukrainian Directorate: The collective executive that led the Ukrainian People’s Republic after overthrowing Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi in 1918. Petliura became its leading figure during the renewed struggle against Bolshevik rule.
Second Winter Campaign: A 1921 raid by Ukrainian insurgent forces seeking to renew the struggle against Soviet rule. Its defeat marked the failure of Petliura’s remaining armed effort to regain Ukraine.
Bolshevik Ukraine: The Soviet-backed Ukrainian political order established by Bolshevik forces during the civil wars after 1917. It contested the Ukrainian People’s Republic’s claim to govern Ukraine.
Russian Revolution: The upheavals of 1917 that ended the Russian monarchy and brought Bolsheviks to power. The collapse of imperial authority opened the contest in which Petliura became a leader.
Ukrainian People's Army: The armed forces of the Ukrainian People’s Republic during the independence struggle of 1917–1921. As commander-in-chief, Petliura relied on this army to defend the republic.
Ukrainian government-in-exile: The Ukrainian People’s Republic’s political institutions that continued abroad after Soviet forces secured Ukraine. Petliura led the republic’s government in exile after his forces were defeated.
White movement: A loose coalition of anti-Bolshevik forces that generally sought to restore a centralized Russian state. Its denial of Ukrainian independence put it at odds with Petliura’s national project.
Central Rada: The Ukrainian representative body established in Kyiv in 1917 that proclaimed autonomy and later independence. Petliura served in this body as Ukrainian self-government took shape.
Hetmanate: The Ukrainian state ruled by Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi under German support in 1918. The uprising against Skoropadskyi brought Petliura’s forces and the Directorate to power.

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