Synchronous communication

Synchronous communication is an exchange in which participants send and receive messages in real time, with little or no delay between turns.

Real-time communication: Communication in which information is delivered with minimal delay after it is sent. Synchronous exchanges are a human-centered form of real-time communication.
Asynchronous communication: Communication in which participants contribute at different times rather than exchanging messages in real time. It allows participants to respond later, unlike synchronous exchange.
Telephone call: A real-time voice conversation carried over a telephone network or internet connection. It enables synchronous speech without requiring visual contact.
Common ground: The knowledge and assumptions that people mutually recognize as shared during communication. Immediate feedback lets participants establish and update shared understanding.
Turn-taking: The organization of alternating contributions among participants in an interaction. Speakers coordinate turns to avoid or repair simultaneous speech.
Email: A system for sending and receiving digital messages, commonly without requiring simultaneous participation. Email illustrates delayed exchange and permits considered replies.
Video conference: A live meeting in which participants communicate through networked audio and video. It supports meetings across locations through synchronized speech and visual cues.
Social presence theory: A theory concerning how strongly a communication medium conveys another person’s presence. Synchronous cues can make remote participants feel more socially present.
Latency: The delay between an action and its observed effect in a system. Even short delays can disrupt the timing and feel of synchronous exchanges.
Instant messaging: Digital text communication through messages exchanged over a network, often with near-immediate delivery. It can support live conversation while retaining asynchronous flexibility.

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