Syntax

Syntax is the study of how words combine into phrases and sentences. It examines structural relations that shape grammatical sentences and their interpretation.

Constituent: A word or group of words that functions as a unit within a sentence. Constituents are the basic units that syntactic analysis identifies and groups.
Phrase structure grammar: A grammar that represents sentences as hierarchically organized constituents. It models syntax through rules that build phrases from smaller units.
Semantics: The study of meaning in language and other systems of representation. Syntax concerns structural arrangement; semantics investigates the meanings those structures can express.
Dependency parsing: The computational analysis of sentence structure as relations between words. It applies syntactic analysis to identify grammatical dependencies in text.
Panini: An ancient Indian grammarian whose Sanskrit grammar systematized linguistic forms with exceptional precision. His rule-based analysis is a major early precedent for formal grammatical description.
Phrase: A grammatical unit built from one or more words and organized around a head. Phrases are the intermediate structures between individual words and sentences.
Dependency grammar: A grammatical framework that represents sentence structure through directed relations between words. It analyzes word-to-word dependencies rather than grouping words into phrase-structure trees.
Morphology (linguistics): The study of the internal structure and formation of words. Morphology builds words, while syntax combines words into larger expressions.
Constituency parsing: The computational analysis of sentences into nested phrase structures. It turns constituent-based syntactic theories into labeled tree representations.
Port-Royal Grammar: A seventeenth-century French grammar linking linguistic structure to the rational organization of thought. It helped shape the tradition of explaining sentence structure through general principles.

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