Knowra Syria Syria Syria is a country in the eastern Mediterranean region, bordering Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, and Israel. Its history and society reflect its position at crossroads linking the Mediterranean, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia.
French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon : The League of Nations mandate under which France governed Syria and Lebanon from 1923 to 1946. French rule shaped Syria’s borders, institutions, and path to independence.
Damascus : The capital of Syria and one of the world’s oldest continuously inhabited cities. Damascus has served as Syria’s political center and a major cultural hub.
Syrian civil war : An armed conflict that began in Syria in 2011 after protests against the government. The conflict reshaped the state, displaced millions, and drew in outside powers.
Syrian refugees : People forced to flee Syria because of conflict, persecution, or other dangers. Millions sought safety abroad, especially in neighboring countries and Europe.
Lebanon : A country on the eastern Mediterranean coast, west of Syria. Shared history, migration, and political ties connect Lebanon and Syria.
Syrian independence : The end of French mandatory rule and establishment of an independent Syrian state in 1946. Independence began the republic’s modern political history.
Aleppo : A major northern Syrian city and historic center of trade and manufacturing. Aleppo’s long commercial history and wartime destruction exemplify Syria’s upheavals.
Syrian Democratic Forces : A coalition of armed groups in northeastern Syria, led by Kurdish forces. The coalition became a major force against the Islamic State in Syria.
Internally displaced persons in Syria : People forced from their homes who remain within Syria’s borders. Repeated fighting and displacement left millions unable to return home.
Turkey : A country spanning Anatolia and southeastern Europe, bordering Syria to the north. Turkey’s border, military operations, and refugee policies have shaped Syria’s northern conflict zone.
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