Taifa kingdoms

Taifa kingdoms were independent Muslim principalities that emerged in al-Andalus after the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba collapsed in the early eleventh century.

Caliphate of Córdoba: The Umayyad state in al-Andalus, whose caliphs ruled from Córdoba until its collapse in the early eleventh century. Its disintegration removed central authority and opened the way for taifa rule.
Taifa of Seville: A powerful taifa kingdom based in Seville, ruled by the Abbadid dynasty in the eleventh century. Its rulers expanded territory and made Seville the strongest taifa in southern al-Andalus.
Parias: Tribute payments made by Muslim taifa rulers to Christian kingdoms in medieval Iberia. Payments bought temporary security but drained taifa treasuries and strengthened Christian neighbors.
Alfonso VI's capture of Toledo: The 1085 conquest of Toledo by Alfonso VI, which transferred a major former taifa capital to Christian rule. The loss heightened the sense that taifa rulers could not resist Christian expansion alone.
Emirate of Córdoba: An independent Umayyad state in al-Andalus from 756 to 929, ruled from Córdoba before the caliphate was proclaimed. Its centralized emirate preceded both the caliphate and the later taifa fragmentation.
Fitna of al-Andalus: The civil war and political breakdown that ended the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba between 1009 and 1031. The conflict accelerated the fragmentation from which the taifa kingdoms emerged.
Taifa of Zaragoza: A taifa kingdom in northeastern al-Andalus, ruled by the Banu Hud dynasty for much of the eleventh century. Its frontier position and courtly culture made it a distinctive northern taifa.
Reconquista: The long process by which Christian polities expanded across the Iberian Peninsula at the expense of Muslim states. Taifa divisions created openings for the Christian territorial expansion later called the Reconquista.
Almoravid conquest of al-Andalus: The Almoravid takeover of the taifa kingdoms, completed through campaigns beginning in 1090. It ended the first taifa period and brought most of al-Andalus under Almoravid rule.
Nasrid Kingdom of Granada: The last Muslim kingdom in Iberia, ruled by the Nasrid dynasty from the thirteenth century until 1492. Unlike the short-lived taifa states, Granada maintained a single dynasty and territorial core for centuries.

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