Taiwan

Taiwan is an island in East Asia governed by the Republic of China. The People’s Republic of China claims it, while Taiwan’s international political status remains disputed.

Republic of China: The state established in 1912 that governs Taiwan and several smaller islands. Its institutions administer Taiwan, despite the island’s contested international status.
Dutch Formosa: The Dutch colonial territory established in southwestern Taiwan from 1624 to 1662. It marks an early period of European rule on the island.
Chiang Kai-shek: The Kuomintang leader who governed the Republic of China during its retreat to Taiwan and subsequent authoritarian rule. His government relocated to Taiwan after losing the Chinese Civil War.
Democratization in Taiwan: The transition from Kuomintang authoritarian rule to competitive democratic government in Taiwan. It changed how political authority is chosen and contested on the island.
Taiwan independence movement: A political movement advocating formal independence or greater international recognition for Taiwan. It differs from maintaining the Republic of China framework while preserving self-government.
People's Republic of China: The state founded in 1949 that governs mainland China and claims Taiwan as part of its territory. Its claim is the central source of Taiwan’s cross-strait dispute.
Kingdom of Tungning: A regime established in Taiwan by Zheng Chenggong’s followers after the Dutch were expelled in 1662. Its rule followed the Dutch period and preceded Qing incorporation.
Chiang Ching-kuo: The Republic of China president from 1978 to 1988 who oversaw the lifting of martial law in Taiwan. His late presidency opened the political transition beyond Kuomintang authoritarian rule.
Taiwanese identity: A sense of belonging associated with Taiwan, shaped by its history, society, and political experience. Its growth has influenced debates about Taiwan’s future and relationship with China.
Chinese unification: The proposed political unification of Taiwan with mainland China under a single Chinese state. It is the outcome sought by Beijing and rejected by many people in Taiwan.

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