TALEN

A transcription activator-like effector nuclease is an engineered DNA-cutting protein that pairs a target-binding repeat array with a FokI nuclease domain.

Transcription Activator-Like Effector: A bacterial protein that binds specific DNA sequences through a variable array of amino-acid repeats. Its repeat array supplies the sequence recognition module engineered into each TALEN.
Xanthomonas: A genus of plant-pathogenic bacteria that includes species causing diseases in crops. TALEN recognition domains derive from proteins secreted by these bacteria.
Genome editing: The deliberate alteration of an organism's DNA at selected locations. TALENs are programmable tools for making targeted genomic changes.
CRISPR-Cas9: A genome-editing system in which guide RNA directs the Cas9 nuclease to a matching DNA sequence. CRISPR-Cas9 uses RNA-guided targeting, unlike TALENs' engineered protein recognition arrays.
Off-target effect: An unintended effect caused by activity at a site other than the intended target. TALEN binding and cleavage at similar DNA sequences can create unwanted edits.
Repeat-variable diresidue: A pair of amino acids at positions 12 and 13 in a TALE repeat that helps determine its preferred DNA base. These residues let TALEN designers specify DNA recognition one base at a time.
Type III secretion system: A bacterial apparatus that injects effector proteins directly into host cells. Xanthomonas delivers TALE proteins into plant cells through this secretion machinery.
Gene knockout: The deliberate disruption of a gene so it no longer produces its normal functional product. TALEN-induced repair errors can disable selected genes.
Zinc finger nuclease: An engineered nuclease that joins DNA-binding zinc-finger proteins to a DNA-cleavage domain. Like TALENs, it uses paired protein-guided nucleases, but its DNA-binding modules differ.
Genome engineering: The deliberate design and alteration of genomes using molecular tools. TALENs helped make targeted genome engineering possible across diverse organisms.

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