Knowra Tanuma Okitsugu Tanuma Okitsugu Tanuma Okitsugu was an Edo-period daimyo and senior Tokugawa shogunate official who promoted commercial development and fiscal reform during the 1770s and 1780s.
Tanuma reforms : A set of commercial and fiscal policies pursued by Tanuma Okitsugu during his influence in the Tokugawa shogunate. This is the collective name for the policies he advanced in office.
Tokugawa shogunate : The military government that ruled Japan under the Tokugawa family from 1603 to 1868. Tanuma's offices and reform program belonged to this central government.
Tokugawa Yoshimune : The eighth Tokugawa shogun, who ruled from 1716 to 1745 and initiated the Kyōhō reforms. Yoshimune's earlier fiscal reforms formed a precedent for the problems Tanuma confronted.
Kansei Reforms : A program of political, fiscal, and social reforms pursued by Matsudaira Sadanobu from 1787. These reforms repudiated several commercial policies associated with Tanuma.
Monopoly : A market structure in which one seller or organized group controls the supply of a commodity or service. Tanuma's government licensed merchant groups and used exclusive trading privileges to raise revenue.
Tokugawa Ieshige : The ninth Tokugawa shogun, who ruled from 1745 to 1760. Tanuma gained influence at court during Ieshige's reign.
Tokugawa Ieharu : The tenth Tokugawa shogun, who ruled from 1760 to 1786. Tanuma held his greatest political influence under Ieharu's shogunate.
Tokugawa economic history : The study of production, commerce, finance, and social change in Japan under Tokugawa rule. Tanuma's program marked an influential attempt to adapt shogunate policy to commercial expansion.
Rice economy : An economic system in which agricultural production and rice-based stipends underpin taxation, exchange, and political status. His commercial policies challenged an order whose fiscal foundations remained tied to rice.
Tokugawa Ienari : The eleventh Tokugawa shogun, whose long reign lasted from 1787 to 1837. Ienari's accession coincided with Tanuma's fall from power.
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