Taqlid

Taqlid is following a qualified legal authority or established school of Islamic jurisprudence without independently deriving rulings from foundational sources.

Ijtihad: Independent reasoning by a qualified jurist to derive Islamic legal rulings from foundational sources. Its contrast with taqlid distinguishes deriving a ruling from following an established authority.
Salafism: A Sunni reform movement that calls for emulating the early Muslim generations and emphasizes scriptural sources. Some Salafi approaches criticize binding adherence to a single legal school.
Formation of the Sunni madhhabs: The development of enduring Sunni schools of jurisprudence from the teachings and methods of early jurists. Stable schools made sustained reliance on inherited juristic doctrine possible.
Islamic prayer: The prescribed acts of worship performed by Muslims at specified times, especially the five daily prayers. Practical details of prayer often follow the rulings of a scholar or legal school.
Closing of the gate of ijtihad: The thesis that independent legal reasoning in Sunni Islam ended or sharply declined after an early period. Whether ijtihad ended determines how necessary taqlid became; historians dispute the thesis’s accuracy.
Madhhab: A school of Islamic jurisprudence organized around methods and teachings associated with jurists. A madhhab provides the body of legal reasoning that followers commonly rely on.
Islamic modernism: A movement seeking to reinterpret Islamic thought in response to modern social, political, and intellectual conditions. Modernist reformers have challenged inherited authority and advocated renewed legal reasoning.
Abu Hanifa: An eighth-century Muslim jurist whose teachings became the foundation of the Hanafi school. His legal legacy became one major authority followed through a recognized madhhab.
Islamic inheritance jurisprudence: The body of Islamic legal rules governing the distribution of a deceased person’s estate. Its detailed calculations commonly require reliance on trained juristic interpretation.
Islamic legal reform: Efforts to revise Islamic legal institutions or doctrines in response to changing conditions and interpretive priorities. Reform raises questions about when inherited rulings should yield to renewed interpretation.

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