Targum

A Targum is an Aramaic translation of a Hebrew biblical text, often incorporating interpretation and explanatory expansion rather than translating word for word.

Aramaic: A Northwest Semitic language family that includes the language of many Targums. Targums translate Hebrew scripture into this language.
Meturgeman: An interpreter who rendered a public Hebrew scripture reading into Aramaic. The meturgeman voiced the translation that could become a Targum.
Second Temple Judaism: The diverse forms of Jewish religion and society from the Second Temple's construction to its destruction in 70 CE. Aramaic translation traditions arose amid the multilingual Jewish communities of this era.
Targum Psalms: The Aramaic translation and interpretation of the Book of Psalms. Its expansions demonstrate how Targumic interpretation applies to poetry and prayer.
Jewish liturgy: The ordered prayers, readings, and rituals used in Jewish communal worship. Targumic translation developed alongside public scripture reading in worship.
Hebrew Bible: The collection of Jewish scriptures also known as the Tanakh. Its books provide the source texts translated in Targums.
Targum Onkelos: The influential Babylonian Aramaic translation of the Torah. Its relatively restrained renderings illustrate translation with limited expansion.
Dead Sea Scrolls: Jewish manuscripts discovered near the Dead Sea, dating mainly from the last centuries BCE and first century CE. Their Aramaic biblical texts provide early evidence for translation and interpretive practices related to Targums.
Targum Job: The Aramaic translation of the Book of Job, represented among the Dead Sea Scrolls and in later traditions. Its early witnesses make it a notable case for studying Targum transmission.
Rabbinic literature: The body of Jewish texts produced by rabbinic scholars, including the Mishnah, Talmuds, and Midrashim. Targums preserve interpretations that illuminate and sometimes parallel rabbinic traditions.

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