Knowra Taxila Taxila Taxila was an ancient city in Gandhara, near present-day Islamabad, that flourished as a political, commercial, and cultural center at the junction of major routes.
Bhir Mound : The earliest excavated urban settlement at Taxila, occupied from around the sixth century BCE. Its remains preserve Taxila’s early growth before the city’s later planned centers.
Gandhara : An ancient region in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent, centered around the Peshawar Valley and adjoining areas. Taxila was one of Gandhara’s leading cities and political centers.
Indo-Greek Kingdom : A group of Hellenistic kingdoms that ruled parts of the northwestern Indian subcontinent from the second century BCE. Indo-Greek rulers rebuilt Taxila as the planned city of Sirkap.
Taxila archaeological sites : A group of ancient urban, religious, and monastic remains in and around Taxila, Pakistan. The sites make the city’s long history visible across several distinct settlements.
Peshawar : A major city in present-day Pakistan, historically known as Purushapura and a center of ancient Gandhara. Unlike Taxila’s sequence of excavated urban sites, Peshawar remains a continuously inhabited city.
Sirkap : A planned city at Taxila, founded under Indo-Greek rule in the second century BCE. Its street grid and mixed religious buildings show the city under Indo-Greek and later rulers.
Silk Road : A network of trade routes linking East Asia with Central Asia, South Asia, and the Mediterranean world. Taxila’s position connected regional commerce with routes crossing Central Asia.
Indo-Parthian Kingdom : A kingdom that ruled parts of Iran and the northwestern Indian subcontinent during the first centuries CE. Its rulers, including Gondophares, were associated with Taxila during the city’s changing imperial era.
UNESCO World Heritage Site : A cultural or natural property inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List for its recognized universal value. Taxila’s archaeological remains were inscribed on the list in 1980.
Mohenjo-daro : A major city of the Indus civilization, flourishing in the third millennium BCE in present-day Sindh, Pakistan. It represents an earlier urban civilization, distinct from Taxila’s later Gandharan history.
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