Ten Years' War

Cuba’s first major war of independence from Spain, fought from 1868 to 1878. It began with an uprising against Spanish rule and ended without Cuban independence.

Grito de Yara: Carlos Manuel de Céspedes’s 1868 proclamation launching the Cuban revolt against Spanish rule. This uprising began the war and gave the rebellion its first public call for independence.
Spanish colonial rule in Cuba: Spain’s political and economic control of Cuba, maintained until the Spanish–American War. The war challenged this colonial system rather than merely a particular Spanish administration.
Little War: The brief Cuban rebellion against Spain from 1879 to 1880, following the Ten Years’ War. Its outbreak showed that the Zanjón settlement had not resolved demands for independence.
Máximo Gómez: Dominican-born military commander who led Cuban forces in the wars of independence against Spain. His military leadership helped shape insurgent strategy during the conflict.
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes: Cuban landowner and independence leader who launched the 1868 uprising and became the republic’s first president. His revolt at La Demajagua initiated the conflict.
Cuban sugar economy: Cuba’s plantation-centered economy, built around sugar production and enslaved labor during much of the nineteenth century. Sugar wealth and plantation labor shaped the social order the revolt confronted.
Cuban War of Independence: The 1895–1898 Cuban revolt that helped end Spanish colonial rule on the island. It renewed the struggle that the Ten Years’ War had left unfinished.
Antonio Maceo: Afro-Cuban general and independence leader who became a prominent commander in Cuba’s wars against Spain. His battlefield record and opposition to a limited settlement made him central to the war’s legacy.
Cuban Liberation Army: The insurgent force that fought Spanish rule during Cuba’s nineteenth-century wars of independence. Its mobile campaigns sustained the rebellion despite Spanish control of major towns.
Slavery in Cuba: The legal system of enslaved labor that persisted in Cuba until abolition in 1886. The rebellion’s leaders debated emancipation, while enslaved people and free people of color shaped its ranks.

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