Testicular cancer

Testicular cancer is a group of malignant tumors arising in the testicles, most often from germ cells that normally develop into sperm.

Testicular germ cell tumor: A testicular cancer arising from germ cells, the cells that develop into sperm. These tumors account for most testicular cancers and divide into distinct treatment-relevant types.
Alpha-fetoprotein: A protein produced by the yolk sac and liver during fetal development that can be elevated in some cancers. Elevated levels can indicate a nonseminomatous component and help track disease.
Testicular self-examination: A method of checking the testicles for changes such as a new lump or enlargement. A painless lump is a common first sign that prompts clinical assessment.
Fertility preservation: Methods used to preserve the possibility of having biological children before medical treatment. Sperm banking before chemotherapy or surgery can protect future reproductive options.
Seminoma: A germ cell tumor that resembles an early-stage sperm-producing cell. Seminoma is one of the two main testicular germ cell tumor categories.
Beta human chorionic gonadotropin: A hormone made by placental cells that can also be produced by certain tumors. Its blood level can aid diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of testicular germ cell tumors.
Scrotal ultrasound: An imaging examination that uses sound waves to assess the testicles and scrotum. It helps distinguish an intratesticular mass from other causes of scrotal swelling.
Sperm banking: The collection and freezing of sperm for possible future use in assisted reproduction. It is a common fertility-preservation option before cancer treatment.
Nonseminomatous germ cell tumor: A group of germ cell tumors that includes embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma. Its varied tumor components affect marker levels, growth patterns, and treatment decisions.
Lactate dehydrogenase: An enzyme found in many tissues whose blood level can rise with tissue damage or tumor burden. It is one of the serum markers used to assess germ cell tumor burden.

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