New Democracy

New Democracy was Mao Zedong’s theory of a staged Chinese revolution in which workers, peasants, the petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie would jointly oppose imperialism and feudalism before socialist transformation.

Mao Zedong: Chinese Communist revolutionary and political leader who led the People’s Republic of China from 1949 until 1976. He formulated New Democracy as a strategy for China’s revolution.
Chinese Communist Revolution: The decades-long struggle that brought the Chinese Communist Party to power in mainland China in 1949. New Democracy was Mao’s proposed strategy for this broader revolution.
Permanent revolution: A Marxist theory that revolution in less industrialized societies can pass continuously from democratic tasks to socialist transformation. Its continuous sequence differs from Mao’s distinct New Democratic stage.
Chinese land reform: The redistribution of land and transformation of rural property relations carried out under the Chinese Communist Party. Land reform advanced New Democracy’s anti-feudal aims and strengthened Communist authority.
New Democratic Revolution: The revolutionary stage aimed at ending imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucratic capitalism in China before socialist construction. It names the first stage that New Democracy was designed to guide.
On New Democracy: Mao Zedong’s 1940 essay setting out the political, cultural, and economic program of New Democracy. This essay gives the theory its clearest canonical statement.
Menshevism: A Russian socialist movement that argued a bourgeois-democratic revolution should precede socialist revolution under different class leadership. Mao’s coalition strategy assigned a leading role to Communists rather than the bourgeoisie.
Chinese nationalization: The transfer of major industries and businesses from private ownership to state control in the People’s Republic of China. Nationalization marked the transition beyond the mixed economy associated with New Democracy.
Four Classes: The workers, peasants, petty bourgeoisie, and national bourgeoisie identified in Maoist theory as potential allies in revolution. Their proposed alliance formed New Democracy’s political base.
Chinese Civil War: The conflict between the Chinese Communist Party and the Nationalist government, fought chiefly from 1927 to 1949. The theory’s coalition strategy addressed the forces and conflicts of this struggle.

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