Theism
Theism is belief in the existence of at least one deity, especially a personal God who can act in or relate to the world.
Deity: A god or goddess, understood as a supernatural or divine being. Theism begins with belief that at least one such being exists.
Atheism: The absence of belief in any deity, or the belief that no deities exist. Atheism denies or lacks the belief that defines theism.
Cosmological argument: An argument for God's existence that begins from facts about the existence or causes of the universe. It reasons from the world's existence toward a divine source.
Ancient Near Eastern religion: The diverse religious traditions of ancient Mesopotamia, Syria, Canaan, and neighboring regions. These traditions provide historical contexts for early conceptions of gods and divine rule.
Divine hiddenness: The problem of why God’s existence is not more evident, especially to sincere nonbelievers. It challenges the expectation that a personal God would make divine presence clear.
Personal God: A deity understood as possessing agency and capable of relationships with people or the world. This is the especially prominent conception of God in theism.
Agnosticism: The view that the existence of God or gods is unknown or unknowable. Agnosticism concerns knowledge, so it can coexist with theistic belief.
Teleological argument: An argument for God's existence based on apparent purpose, order, or design in nature. It interprets features of the world as evidence for divine intelligence.
Ancient Greek religion: The practices and beliefs centered on the gods and rituals of ancient Greek communities. Greek thought shaped later debates about divine unity, nature, and causation.
Free will and divine foreknowledge: The problem of how human freedom can coexist with God's prior knowledge of future choices. It tests whether divine knowledge is compatible with meaningful human agency.