Thermal conduction

Thermal conduction is the transfer of thermal energy through matter by microscopic interactions, without bulk movement of the material. It occurs in solids, liquids, and gases.

Fourier's law: A constitutive law relating heat flux to the temperature gradient in a conducting material. It quantifies conduction by relating local temperature differences to heat flow.
Heat: Energy transferred between systems because of a temperature difference. Conduction is one mode by which heat moves between regions.
Heat sink: A component that transfers heat from a device to a surrounding fluid or structure. Its solid pathways conduct heat away from hot electronic components.
Convection: Heat transfer involving the bulk motion of a fluid. Unlike conduction alone, convection transports energy with moving fluid.
Phonon: A quantized collective vibration of atoms in a solid, treated as a quasiparticle. Phonons carry much of the heat through electrically insulating crystals.
Temperature: A physical quantity that characterizes thermal state and determines the direction of spontaneous heat transfer. Temperature differences drive conductive energy flow.
Thermal insulation: Materials or structures designed to reduce the rate of heat transfer. Insulation works largely by suppressing conduction through trapped gas or low-conductivity solids.
Thermal radiation: The transfer of energy by electromagnetic radiation emitted because of temperature. Radiation can transfer heat without matter, unlike conduction.
Electron thermal conductivity: Heat transport by mobile electrons in a material. Mobile electrons dominate thermal conduction in many metals.
Thermal conductivity: A material property relating heat flux to a temperature gradient. It measures how readily a material conducts heat.

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