Third plague pandemic

The Third plague pandemic was a global outbreak of bubonic and pneumonic plague that began in Yunnan, China, in the nineteenth century and spread through trade to ports worldwide.

Yersinia pestis: A bacterium that causes plague in humans and other mammals. This pathogen caused the pandemic’s bubonic and pneumonic cases.
Yunnan: A province in southwestern China bordering Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam. The pandemic’s recognized nineteenth-century outbreak developed in this province.
Waldemar Haffkine: A Russian-born bacteriologist who developed early cholera and plague vaccines. His plague vaccine was tested and deployed in India during the pandemic.
Epidemic Diseases Act 1897: An Indian law empowering authorities to take special measures to prevent the spread of dangerous epidemic diseases. It enabled intrusive plague-control measures that provoked widespread resistance.
First plague pandemic: A wave of plague outbreaks beginning in the sixth century, including the Plague of Justinian. It was an earlier global-scale plague pandemic, centuries before the Yunnan outbreak.
Flea-borne transmission: The spread of pathogens between hosts through the bites of infected fleas. Infected fleas, often carried by rats, drove many outbreaks in port cities.
Panthay Rebellion: A Muslim-led uprising and war in Yunnan against Qing rule from 1856 to 1873. Conflict and displacement in Yunnan formed part of the setting for plague’s expansion.
Paul-Louis Simond: A French physician who demonstrated the role of fleas in plague transmission in 1898. His experiments explained how plague moved from rats to people.
Plague riots in Bombay: Civil unrest in Bombay in 1898, sparked partly by coercive plague inspections and control policies. The riots exposed the political costs of colonial epidemic measures.
Second plague pandemic: A wave of plague outbreaks beginning in the fourteenth century and recurring into the nineteenth century. It preceded the Third pandemic and included the Black Death.

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