Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt

The last native Egyptian dynasty of the Late Period, ruling from 380 to 343 BCE before Persian reconquest. Its kings restored Egyptian political independence and sponsored temples and monumental building.

Nectanebo I: The founder of Egypt’s Thirtieth Dynasty, who ruled from 380 to 362 BCE. He founded the dynasty and repelled an Achaemenid invasion.
Battle of Pelusium (373 BCE): An Achaemenid invasion of Egypt that failed after Persian forces faced logistical and tactical setbacks near the eastern Nile Delta. The invasion’s failure secured Nectanebo I’s rule.
Philae Temple: An ancient Egyptian temple complex on an island in the Nile, principally dedicated to the goddess Isis. Nectanebo I built an early sanctuary there, beginning a long history of royal construction.
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt: The Achaemenid dynasty that ruled Egypt from 343 to 332 BCE after its reconquest by Artaxerxes III. It directly replaced the Thirtieth Dynasty in Egypt.
Nectanebo II: The last native Egyptian pharaoh, who ruled from 360 to 343 BCE. His reign ended when Persia reconquered Egypt.
Achaemenid Empire: The Persian empire founded by Cyrus the Great, which ruled Egypt during two periods in the first millennium BCE. It remained the dynasty’s principal imperial rival and ultimately reconquered Egypt.
Temple of Hibis: A temple in Kharga Oasis dedicated to Amun, with major construction phases under Persian and later Egyptian rulers. Its decoration and construction continued into the dynasty’s era.
Artaxerxes III: An Achaemenid king who ruled from 358 to 338 BCE and reconquered Egypt in 343 BCE. His invasion ended Nectanebo II’s rule and restored Persian control.
Teos: An Egyptian pharaoh of the Thirtieth Dynasty who ruled from 362 to 360 BCE. His costly campaign against Persia and conflict with his successor destabilized the dynasty.
Ancient Greek mercenaries: Soldiers from Greek communities who served foreign rulers in exchange for pay. Egyptian pharaohs recruited them to strengthen armies facing Persian power.

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