Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt

The Thirty-first Dynasty was the final Persian dynasty to rule Egypt, from its reconquest by Artaxerxes III in 343 BCE until Alexander the Great’s conquest in 332 BCE.

Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt: The last native Egyptian dynasty before the Persian reconquest of 343 BCE. Its defeat ended the independent rule that the Persians replaced.
Artaxerxes III: The Achaemenid king who reconquered Egypt in 343 BCE and founded the Thirty-first Dynasty. He restored Persian rule and took the Egyptian throne.
Achaemenid satrapy of Egypt: The province through which the Achaemenid Empire governed Egypt. It provided the administrative framework for Persian rule.
Battle of Issus: A 333 BCE battle in which Alexander defeated Darius III in Cilicia. The defeat weakened Persian resistance before Alexander moved into Egypt.
Udjahorresnet: An Egyptian official and priest who served under Persian and early Macedonian rulers. His autobiographical inscription describes service through the dynasty’s political transition.
Second Persian conquest of Egypt: The Achaemenid reconquest of Egypt in 343 BCE under Artaxerxes III. This campaign established the dynasty’s authority over Egypt.
Arses of Persia: The Achaemenid king who ruled from 338 to 336 BCE after the death of Artaxerxes III. His brief reign continued Persian control of Egypt.
Satrap: A provincial governor in the Achaemenid and other ancient empires. The Persian administration relied on provincial governance under satraps.
Alexander’s conquest of Egypt: The Macedonian takeover of Egypt in 332 BCE during Alexander’s campaign against Persia. It brought the dynasty’s rule to an end.
Naqsh-e Rostam: An archaeological site in Iran containing Achaemenid royal tombs and monumental reliefs. Artaxerxes III’s tomb inscription records his claim to rule Egypt.

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