Thomas Pelham-Holles

Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, was a British Whig statesman who served as prime minister from 1754 to 1756 and 1757 to 1762.

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William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham: A British statesman who led wartime governments during the Seven Years’ War and served as prime minister from 1766 to 1768. His partnership and rivalry with Newcastle defined the wartime ministry of 1757–1762.
Seven Years' War: A global conflict fought from 1756 to 1763 among European powers and their empires. Newcastle’s second ministry governed Britain through most of this global war.
Whig supremacy: The long period of Whig dominance in British politics during much of the eighteenth century. Newcastle’s career unfolded within the political order that enabled Whig ministers to govern.
Treaty of Paris (1763): The treaty that ended the Seven Years’ War between Britain, France, and Spain in 1763. It formalized gains from a war Britain fought largely under Newcastle’s ministry.
Henry Pelham: A British statesman who served as prime minister from 1743 until his death in 1754. Newcastle’s younger brother and political partner preceded him as prime minister.
French and Indian War: The North American theater of the conflict between Britain and France from 1754 to 1763. Its opening frontier crisis coincided with Newcastle’s first ministry.
British parliamentary system: The system of representative government in which Parliament legislates and ministers depend on political support. Newcastle maintained office by managing parliamentary support and political alliances.
British Empire: The overseas territories and political dominion governed or controlled by Britain across several centuries. Newcastle’s wartime government oversaw major imperial expansion in North America and India.
George II of Great Britain: King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1727 to 1760. Newcastle served George II for decades despite their strained relationship.
Battle of Plassey: A 1757 battle in Bengal that established the East India Company’s dominance in the region. The victory expanded British power in India during Newcastle’s second ministry.