Thylakoid

A membrane-bound compartment in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria where photosynthetic pigments and protein complexes carry out the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Photosystem II: A pigment–protein complex that uses light energy to extract electrons from water. It begins linear electron transport in the thylakoid membrane and releases oxygen into the lumen.
Chloroplast: A photosynthetic organelle in plants and algae that converts light energy into chemical energy. Thylakoids are internal compartments within chloroplasts.
Cyanobacterial thylakoid: A photosynthetic membrane compartment in cyanobacteria that contains the light-reaction machinery. Cyanobacteria have thylakoids despite lacking chloroplasts.
Endosymbiotic theory: The theory that some eukaryotic organelles originated as free-living bacteria incorporated into ancestral cells. It explains the bacterial ancestry shared by chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, both of which contain thylakoids.
Cytochrome b6f complex: A membrane protein complex that transfers electrons and moves protons across photosynthetic membranes. It helps build the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane.
Thylakoid membrane: The lipid bilayer surrounding a thylakoid and containing photosynthetic protein complexes. This membrane separates the lumen from the stroma and hosts light-driven reactions.
Chromatophore: An internal photosynthetic membrane structure in purple bacteria. Purple bacteria organize photosynthesis in chromatophores rather than chloroplast-like thylakoids.
Cyanobacteria: A group of bacteria that perform oxygen-producing photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria have thylakoids and are closely related to the ancestors of chloroplasts.
Photosystem I: A pigment–protein complex that uses light energy to transfer electrons to ferredoxin. It captures a second input of light energy within the thylakoid electron-transport chain.
Chlorophyll: A family of light-absorbing pigments found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Chlorophyll molecules embedded in thylakoid complexes capture light energy.

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