Tigray People's Liberation Front

The Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) is a Tigrayan political and former insurgent organization founded in 1975. It led the coalition that governed Ethiopia from 1991 until 2018 and later fought the federal government in the Tigray War.

Derg: Ethiopia’s military government, which ruled from 1974 to 1991. The TPLF formed in opposition to the Derg and fought it until its collapse.
Guerrilla warfare: Irregular warfare in which smaller forces use mobility, surprise, and local support against stronger opponents. The TPLF used guerrilla tactics during its long campaign against the Derg.
Meles Zenawi: An Ethiopian politician who led the TPLF and served as prime minister from 1995 until his death in 2012. He was the TPLF’s most prominent leader and the central figure in its years of national rule.
Tigray War: A war fought from 2020 to 2022 between Ethiopia’s federal government and the TPLF-led Tigray forces, with regional and international involvement. The TPLF’s return to armed conflict with the federal government became the war’s defining political rupture.
Oromo Liberation Front: An Oromo political organization that began as an armed movement seeking self-determination in Ethiopia. It was another major ethnonational movement, with a distinct constituency and history from the TPLF.
Ethiopian Revolution: The political upheaval that ended Ethiopia’s monarchy and brought the Derg to power in 1974. The revolution and subsequent military rule shaped the conditions in which the TPLF emerged.
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front: A coalition of Ethiopian political organizations that took power in 1991 and governed until 2019. The TPLF established this coalition and became its dominant member after the Derg fell.
Abiy Ahmed: An Ethiopian politician who became prime minister in 2018 and led the federal government during the Tigray War. His rise marked the TPLF’s loss of influence at the federal level and preceded the war.
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front dissolution: The 2019 end of Ethiopia’s ruling coalition as most member parties joined the newly formed Prosperity Party. The TPLF refused to join the successor party, deepening its break with the federal leadership.
Amhara nationalism: Political movements that emphasize the identity and interests of the Amhara people in Ethiopia. Its political claims and constituencies have often clashed with those associated with TPLF-led federalism.

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