Toilet

A sanitation fixture that collects human waste and directs it to storage, treatment, or disposal. Toilets range from water-flushing systems to dry designs that use little or no water.

Flush toilet: A toilet that uses water to carry waste through a drain into a sewer or onsite system. Its water seal and flushing flow are the most familiar way toilets contain and remove waste.
Toilet bowl: The basin of a toilet that receives waste and, in flush toilets, holds the flushing water. Its shape and surface affect seating, cleaning, and how waste enters the trapway.
Pit latrine: A toilet that deposits excreta into a pit beneath or beside its user interface. It provides sanitation without a household sewer connection.
Sanitation: Systems and practices that safely manage human excreta and reduce exposure to disease and environmental contamination. Toilets are one component of the wider chain that makes sanitation safe.
Indus Valley Civilization: A Bronze Age civilization whose cities included extensive drainage and household sanitation infrastructure. Its urban remains provide early evidence of built toilets connected to drainage.
Siphon: A tube or passage in which liquid flow can be sustained by a pressure difference across a crest. Many flush toilets use siphoning to draw waste through the trapway.
Water seal: A standing body of water that blocks gases from passing through a drain while allowing wastewater to flow. The bowl water in many toilets prevents sewer odors from entering the room.
Pour-flush toilet: A water-seal toilet flushed by pouring water into the bowl rather than releasing it from a cistern. It combines a sewer-like water seal with manual water delivery.
Sewage treatment: The physical, biological, and chemical processing of wastewater to reduce pollutants before discharge or reuse. It determines what happens to toilet waste after it enters a sewer.
Cloaca Maxima: An ancient Roman sewer that drained parts of Rome into the Tiber River. It illustrates the large-scale infrastructure that supported urban waste removal.

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