Tone sandhi

Tone sandhi is a regular change in a syllable’s lexical tone triggered by its position or by neighboring tones. It helps determine how tone is pronounced in connected speech.

Third-tone sandhi: A tone rule in Mandarin that changes a third tone before another third tone into a rising tone. It is a well-known example of a change triggered by the following tone.
Mandarin tone sandhi: The set of context-dependent tone changes found in Mandarin Chinese. Mandarin provides familiar examples, including changes involving third tones and the particle 不.
Lexical tone: A pitch pattern that distinguishes words or morphemes in a language. Sandhi changes the surface realization of tones that can distinguish lexical items.
Tone register: A level of vocal-fold vibration, such as high or low, used as a component of tonal contrasts. Register describes a pitch dimension, not a context-triggered change between tones.
Tone sandhi in speech recognition: The treatment of context-dependent tone changes in automatic systems that transcribe speech. Recognition systems must interpret surface tones in light of the tone-sandhi patterns of a language.
Tone sandhi domain: The span of speech within which a tone-sandhi rule applies. Rules may apply across a word or phrase, not simply between adjacent syllables.
Taiwanese tone sandhi: Tone alternations in Taiwanese Hokkien that depend on a syllable’s position within a prosodic unit. Its positional patterns show that sandhi can affect nearly every tone in a word.
Tone: The use of pitch or pitch movement to distinguish linguistic meanings or grammatical forms. Tone sandhi is a patterned alternation in the tones of connected speech.
Tone melody: The sequence of tones associated with a word or morpheme in a tonal language. A tone melody is an input to some analyses of sandhi, not itself a context-triggered alternation.
Tone sandhi in text-to-speech: The modeling of tone changes in systems that generate spoken language from text. Natural synthesis requires applying sandhi rules across appropriate word and phrase boundaries.

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