Top quark

The top quark is a third-generation elementary particle with electric charge +2/3e. It is the heaviest known elementary particle and decays before it can form hadrons.

Top-quark decay: The transformation of a top quark, usually into a W boson and a bottom quark. Its lifetime is so short that it decays before strong interactions can bind it into a hadron.
Third-generation quark: Either of the quarks in the heaviest Standard Model generation: top or bottom. The top quark is one member of this pair, with the largest quark mass.
Top-quark pair production: The production of a top quark and its antiquark in a particle collision. Its rates and kinematic patterns provide precise tests of strong-interaction predictions.
Up quark: A first-generation quark with electric charge +2/3e and the lowest quark mass. It shares the top quark's electric charge but is far lighter and stable inside ordinary matter.
Top-quark mass: A parameter measuring the top quark's mass, roughly 173 GeV/c². Its unusually large value strongly affects the Higgs boson's quantum properties.
Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix: A matrix describing how quark flavor states mix under the weak interaction. Its elements determine the probabilities for top quarks to decay into different down-type quarks.
Single-top production: The production of a top quark without a simultaneously produced top antiquark. Its rate directly probes the strength of the top quark's charged-current weak interaction.
Charm quark: A second-generation quark with electric charge +2/3e. It shares the top quark's charge and weak-isospin type but has a much smaller mass.
Top-quark Yukawa coupling: The strength of the top quark's interaction with the Higgs field. Its value is close to one, making this the strongest known Higgs–fermion coupling.
Tevatron: A proton–antiproton collider at Fermilab that operated from 1983 to 2011. Its CDF and DØ experiments announced the top-quark discovery in 1995.

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