Topical medication

A drug applied to a body surface, such as skin or a mucous membrane, to produce a local or systemic effect. Its delivery depends on the formulation, application site, and ability to cross surface barriers.

Percutaneous absorption: The passage of substances through the skin, including entry into underlying tissues or the bloodstream. It explains how a skin-applied drug can act beyond the application site.
Topical corticosteroid: A corticosteroid formulated for application to the skin or another body surface to reduce inflammation. It is a common example of topical treatment for inflammatory skin disease.
Cream (pharmaceutical formulation): A semisolid emulsion containing oil and water, used to deliver drugs to skin or mucous membranes. Creams are a common vehicle whose composition affects drug release and skin feel.
Oral administration: The delivery of a drug by swallowing it for absorption through the gastrointestinal tract. It contrasts surface application with dosing through the digestive system.
Stratum corneum: The outermost layer of the epidermis, composed largely of dead, keratin-filled cells embedded in lipids. This layer is the main barrier that topical drugs must cross to reach deeper skin.
Topical anesthetic: A local anesthetic applied to skin or mucous membranes to reduce sensation in a limited area. It demonstrates local action without requiring injection.
Ointment: A semisolid, usually greasy preparation intended for application to skin or mucous membranes. Its occlusive base can alter hydration and drug penetration.
Intravenous therapy: Delivery of a drug directly into a vein. It bypasses surface barriers and places the dose directly in circulation.
Transdermal patch: An adhesive drug-delivery system that releases medication through the skin over time. It is a designed topical formulation for sustained systemic absorption.
Ophthalmic drug administration: The delivery of medication to the eye, commonly as drops, ointments, or inserts. The eye is a surface site with specialized formulation and safety requirements.

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