Topical retinoid

A skin medication applied to the surface that acts through vitamin A–related pathways. In acne, it helps normalize follicular shedding and prevent clogged pores.

Retinoic acid receptors: Nuclear receptors that regulate gene expression when activated by retinoic acid and related compounds. Topical retinoids exert many effects by activating these receptors in skin cells.
Tretinoin: A topical form of all-trans retinoic acid used for acne and photoaging. It is a widely used prescription retinoid for acne and has a separate role in treating photodamaged skin.
Benzoyl peroxide: A topical oxidizing agent that reduces acne-causing bacteria and treats inflammatory acne lesions. Unlike retinoids, it directly targets bacteria and can be combined with many retinoids.
Retinoid dermatitis: Skin irritation caused by topical retinoids, often involving redness, dryness, scaling, or burning. Irritation is a common early adverse effect that can undermine adherence.
Microcomedone: A microscopic plug of sebum and keratin that can develop into an acne lesion. Retinoids help prevent this earliest clogged-pore stage by normalizing follicular shedding.
Adapalene: A synthetic topical retinoid used mainly to treat acne. Its acne efficacy and generally good tolerability make it a common first-line option.
Topical antibiotics for acne: Antibiotic medicines applied to skin to reduce acne-associated bacterial growth and inflammation. They target inflammation and bacteria rather than primarily normalizing follicular shedding.
Acne treatment adherence: The extent to which a person follows an acne treatment plan over time. Gradual improvement and irritation can make consistent retinoid use difficult.
Keratinization: The process by which cells produce keratin and mature into the outermost layer of the skin. Abnormal follicular keratinization contributes to the plugs topical retinoids help clear.
Tazarotene: A topical retinoid used to treat acne, plaque psoriasis, and photoaging. It offers another prescription option, with irritation often limiting its use.

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