Trace evidence

Trace evidence consists of small or microscopic materials transferred between people, objects, or places. Its value often comes from comparing its properties and distribution with possible sources.

Locard's exchange principle: The forensic principle that contact between two entities can result in material exchange. It explains why contact may leave trace materials on both sides.
Forensic science: The application of scientific methods to questions arising in legal investigations and proceedings. Trace evidence is one kind of material evidence examined in forensic work.
Forensic fiber analysis: The examination and comparison of textile fibers for forensic purposes. Fibers can transfer between clothing, furnishings, vehicles, and people.
DNA profiling: The analysis of selected DNA regions to distinguish individuals or biological samples. It can provide individual-level comparisons unlike many class-characteristic trace materials.
Forensic science in the courtroom: The presentation and evaluation of forensic methods and findings in legal proceedings. Trace findings must be translated into claims that courts can assess.
Primary transfer: The direct transfer of material from its source to a recipient through contact. It describes the first movement of a trace from source to surface.
Forensic chemistry: The analysis of chemical materials for questions in criminal and civil investigations. Chemical composition helps distinguish and compare many trace samples.
Forensic glass analysis: The forensic examination of glass fragments and their physical and chemical properties. Fragments may be compared with glass from a suspected source.
Fingerprint: A pattern of friction ridges on a finger, palm, or sole of the foot. Fingerprints are impressions rather than transferred particles, though both can associate items with contact.
Forensic evidence contamination: The alteration or introduction of material that can compromise forensic evidence. Contamination can undermine the inference that a trace came from the alleged contact.

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