Transcriptome

The complete set of RNA transcripts produced by a cell, tissue, or organism under particular conditions. It captures which genes are expressed and how their RNA products vary.

Gene expression: The process by which information in a gene produces a functional RNA or protein. A transcriptome is the RNA-level snapshot of gene expression under specified conditions.
RNA sequencing: A sequencing method that profiles RNA-derived molecules to identify transcripts and estimate their abundance. It is the most widely used approach for measuring transcriptomes at scale.
Differential gene expression: The statistical comparison of gene transcript abundance between biological conditions or groups. It identifies transcripts whose abundance changes between the conditions being profiled.
Genome: The complete DNA sequence of an organism, cell, or virus. A genome records potential genetic information; a transcriptome records RNA produced in a particular state.
Transcript isoform: One of multiple distinct RNA molecules produced from the same gene. Counting genes alone misses which transcript forms are present and how abundant they are.
Messenger RNA: RNA molecules that carry protein-coding information from DNA to ribosomes. Messenger RNA is a major transcript class measured in many transcriptome studies.
RNA extraction: The isolation of RNA molecules from cells or tissues for laboratory analysis. The measured transcriptome depends on which RNA molecules survive sample preparation.
Single-cell RNA sequencing: RNA sequencing performed on individual cells to measure cell-specific transcript abundance. It resolves distinct cellular transcriptomes that bulk tissue measurements average together.
Proteome: The complete set of proteins produced by a cell, tissue, or organism under particular conditions. The proteome measures protein products, which do not always track transcript abundance.
Low-abundance transcript: An RNA transcript present at low copy number in a sample or cell. Rare transcripts are difficult to detect reliably and can be lost during measurement.

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