Transformer

A transformer transfers electrical energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction, usually changing voltage. It uses coupled windings around a magnetic core, without a direct electrical connection between them.

Faraday's law of induction: A law stating that changing magnetic flux through a circuit induces an electromotive force. A changing core flux induces voltage in each transformer winding.
Alternating current: Electric current that periodically reverses direction. Its changing current produces the varying magnetic flux required for transformer action.
Power transformer: A transformer used in an electrical power system to transfer bulk power between voltage levels. These transformers connect high-voltage transmission networks and substations.
DC-DC converter: An electronic circuit that converts direct current from one voltage level to another. Unlike a conventional transformer alone, it can convert steady direct-current input using switching.
Mutual inductance: The coupling by which changing current in one circuit induces voltage in another. It describes how the primary winding transfers magnetic influence to the secondary.
Magnetic flux: A measure of the magnetic field passing through a specified surface. Changing flux through a winding is the direct source of induced voltage.
Distribution transformer: A transformer that reduces distribution-system voltage for delivery to end users. It supplies buildings and local networks at usable voltage levels.
Voltage divider: A circuit that produces a fraction of an input voltage using series impedances. It changes voltage without transferring power between isolated windings.
Transformer turns ratio: The ratio of a transformer's secondary winding turns to its primary winding turns. For an ideal transformer, this ratio sets the secondary-to-primary voltage ratio.
Electromotive force: The energy supplied per unit charge by a source, measured in volts. Induced electromotive force appears across a transformer's secondary winding.

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