Transgenesis

Transgenesis is the introduction of genetic material into an organism’s genome, often DNA from another species. It produces a heritable genetic change when the introduced material reaches reproductive cells.

Pronuclear injection: A method that injects DNA into a fertilized egg’s pronucleus to create genetically modified animals. It is a classic route for introducing transgenes into mammalian embryos.
Transgenic organism: An organism whose genome contains genetic material introduced through genetic engineering. This is the organismal outcome of successful transgenesis.
Transgene: A gene or other genetic sequence introduced into an organism using genetic engineering. The transgene is the genetic material that transgenesis introduces.
Genetic engineering: The deliberate alteration of an organism’s genetic material using biotechnology. Transgenesis is one method within the broader practice of genetic engineering.
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation: A plant transformation method that uses Agrobacterium to transfer DNA into plant cells. Its natural DNA-transfer machinery is widely adapted to insert transgenes into plants.
Transgenic mouse: A mouse engineered to carry introduced genetic material in its genome. Transgenic mice let researchers test gene function and model human disease.
Recombinant DNA: DNA formed by joining sequences that originated from different sources. Many transgenes are assembled as recombinant DNA before delivery.
Genome editing: The targeted alteration of DNA sequences at selected genomic locations. Genome editing can change existing DNA without introducing a lasting foreign gene.
Viral vector: A modified virus used to deliver genetic material into cells. Viral vectors can carry transgenes into target cells, though cargo size and integration behavior vary.
Golden rice: Rice engineered to produce beta-carotene in its edible grain. It is a prominent crop example of transgenes adding a nutritional trait.

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