Transliteration

Transliteration converts text from one writing system to another by representing its characters or units with characters in the target system. It aims to preserve written form rather than meaning or pronunciation alone.

Romanization: The representation of text from another writing system using the Latin alphabet. It is the most widespread family of transliteration systems.
ISO 9: An international standard for transliterating Cyrillic characters into Latin characters. It offers a largely reversible system for Cyrillic text.
Translation: The expression of a text's meaning in another language. Translation changes language and meaning; transliteration changes how writing is represented.
Endonym and exonym: An endonym is a place name used locally; an exonym is a name used for it in another language. Transliteration can shape how locally used names appear in foreign-language texts.
Transcription (linguistics): The representation of speech sounds or spoken language in written form. Unlike transliteration, it records pronunciation rather than mapping written units.
Hepburn romanization: A system for representing Japanese in the Latin alphabet, designed to reflect pronunciation familiar to English speakers. It shows how a practical scheme can prioritize pronunciation over strict character mapping.
Transcription (phonetics): The written representation of speech sounds, often using a phonetic alphabet. Phonetic transcription captures sounds that ordinary transliteration may not preserve.
Name romanization: The representation of personal or place names written in non-Latin scripts using Latin letters. Names reveal the cultural and practical stakes of choosing one spelling over another.
Grapheme: A smallest functional unit of a writing system, such as a letter or character. Many systems transliterate by mapping source graphemes to target graphemes.
Pinyin: The official Romanization system for Standard Chinese, using Latin letters and tone marks. It converts Chinese syllables into a widely used Latin-script form.

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