Treaty of Alcáçovas

The 1479 agreement between Portugal and Castile ended the War of the Castilian Succession and allocated competing Atlantic and African claims. It recognized Portuguese control of Madeira, the Azores, and the Cape Verde Islands, while reserving the Canary Islands to Castile.

Treaty of Tordesillas: The 1494 agreement between Portugal and Castile that divided newly claimed lands outside Europe along a meridian. It revised the Atlantic division after Columbus’s voyages made competing claims urgent.
War of the Castilian Succession: A 1475–1479 conflict over the Castilian crown between supporters of Isabella and those of Joanna of Castile. This war was the conflict Alcáçovas formally brought to an end.
Treaty: A formal agreement between political entities governed by international law. Alcáçovas used a treaty to turn wartime claims into negotiated obligations.
Treaty of Medina del Campo: A 1431 agreement between Portugal and Castile that ended an earlier period of conflict and affirmed peace. It provides an earlier precedent for resolving Iberian rivalry through negotiated settlement.
João II of Portugal: King of Portugal from 1481 to 1495, known for consolidating royal power and advancing Portuguese exploration. As prince and later king, João pursued the maritime interests safeguarded by the settlement.
Portuguese Empire: A maritime empire built by Portugal from the fifteenth century across Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The treaty’s recognition of Portuguese Atlantic and African claims foreshadowed this expansion.
Isabella I of Castile: Queen of Castile from 1474 to 1504, who ruled jointly with Ferdinand II of Aragon. Isabella’s victory in the succession struggle was recognized by the settlement.
Atlantic slave trade: The forced transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic, beginning in the fifteenth century and expanding over subsequent centuries. The treaty’s allocation of African trade rights formed part of the setting for Portuguese expansion in this trade.
Treaty of Zaragoza: A 1529 agreement between Spain and Portugal that fixed a boundary in the eastern hemisphere. It extended the logic of negotiated division beyond the Atlantic sphere addressed at Alcáçovas.
Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu: A Portuguese noblewoman and royal mediator who helped negotiate the Treaty of Alcáçovas. Her diplomatic role linked the two royal houses during negotiations.

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