Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The March 1918 treaty that ended Soviet Russia’s participation in World War I by requiring it to cede extensive territories to the Central Powers.

October Revolution: The November 1917 uprising in which the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia. It brought the Bolsheviks to power and made their promised exit from the war immediate.
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations: The 1917–1918 talks between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers over ending hostilities. Their breakdown and resumption shaped the final treaty’s terms.
Russian Civil War: The armed conflict among competing political and military forces in Russia from 1917 to 1922. The treaty intensified opposition to Bolshevik rule and fed domestic conflict.
World Revolution: The Marxist expectation that socialist revolutions would spread internationally and overturn capitalist states. The treaty prioritized the survival of Soviet power in Russia over revolutionary expansion.
Decree on Peace: A 1917 Soviet government proposal for an immediate peace without annexations or indemnities. Its call for peace opened negotiations that produced the treaty.
Armistice of Brest-Litovsk: The December 1917 suspension of fighting between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers. It established the ceasefire under which the peace talks took place.
Ukrainian People's Republic: A Ukrainian state proclaimed during the revolutionary upheavals of 1917–1921. The treaty recognized its separate peace with the Central Powers and detached Ukraine from Soviet Russia.
Russian Empire: A multinational monarchy that ruled Russia and neighboring territories until its collapse in 1917. The treaty surrendered lands that had belonged to the empire.
Russian Army: The military forces of the Russian Empire and, after 1917, the Russian Republic. Its disintegration left Soviet Russia unable to sustain the war.
Operation Faustschlag: The February 1918 German offensive that advanced rapidly into Soviet-held territory. Germany’s renewed advance forced the Soviet government to accept harsher terms.

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