Treaty of Córdoba

The Treaty of Córdoba was an 1821 agreement in which Spanish official Juan O’Donojú accepted the Plan of Iguala’s terms for Mexican independence. Spain later rejected the agreement.

Plan of Iguala: A 1821 political program proposing Mexican independence, constitutional monarchy, and unity between Mexicans and Spaniards. The treaty adopted this program as the basis for Mexican independence.
Siege of Mexico City (1821): The final military campaign that compelled royalist authorities to evacuate Mexico City in 1821. Its outcome strengthened Iturbide’s position before the treaty was signed.
Spanish reconquest attempt in Mexico: Spain’s military effort to regain control of Mexico, culminating in the 1829 expedition led by Isidro Barradas. Spain’s refusal to recognize the treaty left independence contested for years.
Treaty of Paris (1783): The agreement in which Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States after the American Revolutionary War. Unlike this treaty, Córdoba did not secure the former colonial power’s lasting recognition.
Juan O’Donojú: A Spanish military officer and colonial administrator who became New Spain’s last chief political authority in 1821. He signed the treaty and accepted its terms on Spain’s behalf.
Army of the Three Guarantees: The independence army formed in 1821 to uphold religion, independence, and union under the Plan of Iguala. Its advance gave the treaty’s signatories the immediate military context for negotiation.
First Mexican Empire: Mexico’s first independent monarchy, established under Agustín de Iturbide from 1822 to 1823. The agreement’s proposed monarchical succession helped set the stage for Iturbide’s empire.
Spanish Empire: A global empire ruled by Spain from the late fifteenth century through the nineteenth century. Córdoba’s disputed authority reflected Spain’s effort to retain control over its empire.
Agustín de Iturbide: A Mexican military leader who helped secure independence and became emperor of Mexico in 1822. He negotiated the agreement with O’Donojú while leading the independence movement.
Liberal Triennium: A period from 1820 to 1823 when Spain’s restored constitution constrained royal authority. The political crisis in Spain shaped the treaty’s disputed provisions.

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