Treaty of Fredrikshamn

The 1809 peace treaty that ended the Finnish War and transferred Finland from Sweden to the Russian Empire, establishing Finland as an autonomous grand duchy.

Grand Duchy of Finland: An autonomous polity within the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1917. The treaty’s transfer of Finland led to its establishment as a grand duchy under the Russian emperor.
Finnish War: The 1808–1809 war in which Russia conquered Finland from Sweden during the Napoleonic Wars. The treaty formally ended this conflict and confirmed its territorial result.
Napoleonic Wars: A series of European conflicts from 1803 to 1815 involving France and shifting coalitions of powers. The Finnish War and its settlement unfolded within this wider struggle.
Nikolay Rumyantsev: A Russian statesman and foreign minister who represented Russia in the Fredrikshamn negotiations. He negotiated the treaty for the Russian Empire.
Finnish national awakening: A nineteenth-century movement that fostered Finnish language, culture, and national identity. Russian rule after the treaty helped shape the setting in which Finnish national consciousness developed.
Treaty of Tilsit: The 1807 agreement between Napoleon and Alexander I that reshaped European alliances and pressured Sweden to join the Continental System. Its diplomatic arrangements helped set the conditions for Russia’s attack on Sweden.
Alexander I of Russia: Emperor of Russia from 1801 to 1825, whose reign included the conquest and annexation of Finland. He directed Russia’s war aims and accepted the transfer of Finland into his empire.
Kurt von Stedingk: A Swedish diplomat and military officer who represented Sweden in the Fredrikshamn negotiations. He negotiated for Sweden as it surrendered Finland.
Finnish Declaration of Independence: The declaration by which Finland proclaimed independence from Russia on 6 December 1917. It marked the end of the political arrangement that began with Finland’s transfer in 1809.
Åland Islands: An archipelago in the Baltic Sea between Sweden and Finland, now an autonomous region of Finland. The treaty transferred the islands to Russia along with Finland.

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