Treaty of Kars

The Treaty of Kars was a 1921 agreement between Turkey and Soviet Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia that established borders in the South Caucasus and confirmed arrangements made at Moscow.

Treaty of Moscow (1921): A 1921 agreement between the Turkish nationalists and Soviet Russia that set terms later confirmed in the Treaty of Kars. It supplied the framework that the Kars negotiations extended to the Soviet republics of the Caucasus.
Kars: A city in northeastern Turkey and the administrative center of Kars Province. The city hosted the negotiations and gave the treaty its name.
Kazım Karabekir: A Turkish military commander and politician who led forces on the eastern front during the Turkish War of Independence. He headed the Turkish delegation and helped negotiate the agreement.
Turkey–Armenia border: The international boundary separating Turkey from Armenia, closed to most direct travel and trade since 1993. The treaty established the modern basis of this boundary.
Turkish War of Independence: The 1919–1923 conflict in which Turkish nationalists fought to end Allied occupation and establish a sovereign state. Turkish military gains in the east strengthened Ankara’s hand in negotiating the treaty.
Batumi: A Black Sea port city in southwestern Georgia, historically contested by regional powers. The treaty recognized Batumi as part of Georgia while granting local autonomy and preserving transit access.
Semyon Budyonny: A Soviet military commander and politician active during the Russian Civil War and early Soviet period. He represented Soviet Russia in the negotiations at Kars.
Turkey–Georgia border: The international boundary between Turkey and Georgia, extending from the Black Sea to the eastern frontier. The treaty set the boundary and addressed Georgia’s control of Batumi.
Treaty of Sèvres: A 1920 peace treaty that proposed partitioning the Ottoman Empire and creating an independent Armenia. Kars replaced territorial provisions envisioned at Sèvres with borders negotiated by Turkey and Soviet governments.
Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic: An Azerbaijani exclave bordering Armenia, Iran, and Turkey, with autonomous status within Azerbaijan. The treaty placed Nakhchivan under Azerbaijan’s protection and ruled out its transfer to a third party.

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