Treaty of Lausanne

The 1923 peace treaty between Turkey and the Allied powers established modern Turkey’s international status and borders, replacing the unratified Treaty of Sèvres.

Turkish War of Independence: A conflict from 1919 to 1922 in which Turkish nationalists fought Allied forces and the partition of the Ottoman Empire. Nationalist military victories forced the Allies to negotiate a new settlement.
Turkish Straits: The connected Bosporus and Dardanelles waterways linking the Black Sea with the Mediterranean. Lausanne placed them under an international regime while requiring demilitarization.
Republic of Turkey: The sovereign state proclaimed in 1923 after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. The treaty secured international recognition of the new state’s sovereignty.
Saint-Germain-en-Laye Treaty: The 1919 peace treaty between the Allied powers and Austria after the First World War. Unlike Lausanne, it settled the terms imposed on a defeated Central Power.
Treaty of Sèvres: A 1920 peace treaty that proposed partitioning the Ottoman Empire but was never ratified by the Turkish nationalists. Lausanne replaced its rejected terms with a settlement recognizing Turkish sovereignty.
Population exchange between Greece and Turkey: The compulsory 1923 transfer of most Greek Orthodox residents of Turkey and Muslim residents of Greece, with specified exemptions. A convention signed alongside Lausanne made this mass transfer part of the settlement.
Turkish–Greek relations: The political and diplomatic relationship between Turkey and Greece, marked by cooperation as well as disputes. The population exchange and territorial settlement reshaped relations between the two states.
Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine: The 1919 peace treaty between the Allied powers and Bulgaria after the First World War. It offers a contrast to Lausanne’s negotiated recognition of a victorious nationalist movement.
Mudanya Armistice: The October 1922 armistice that ended major fighting between Turkish nationalists and Allied forces in the Turkish Straits region. It halted hostilities and opened the way for the Lausanne peace conference.
Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire: Privileges that gave foreign nationals and institutions legal and commercial advantages within the Ottoman Empire. Turkey secured their abolition, ending a major form of foreign jurisdiction.

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