Treaty of London (1604)

The peace agreement signed in 1604 that ended the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604 and restored formal relations between England and Spain.

Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604): A conflict between England and Spain fought from 1585 to 1604 across Europe, the Atlantic, and the Low Countries. The treaty formally ended this war.
Peace conference at Somerset House: The diplomatic negotiations held in London in 1604 between representatives of England and Spain. The conference produced the treaty’s terms.
Anglo-Spanish relations: The political, diplomatic, and commercial relationship between England and Spain. The treaty began a period of formal peace and renewed diplomacy.
Treaty of Edinburgh (1560): An agreement in 1560 that ended the French military presence in Scotland and settled a crisis involving England, Scotland, and France. It offers an earlier example of a negotiated settlement involving English security and continental powers.
Spanish Armada: The Spanish fleet sent against England in 1588 during the Anglo-Spanish War. Its defeat intensified the conflict that the treaty eventually concluded.
English intervention in the Dutch Revolt: England’s military and financial assistance to the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule. England agreed to end official support for the Dutch rebels.
Twelve Years’ Truce: A ceasefire from 1609 to 1621 between Spain and the Dutch Republic during the Eighty Years’ War. England’s withdrawal from direct war preceded this later pause in the Dutch conflict.
Treaty of Nonsuch: The 1585 agreement by which Elizabeth I promised military support to the Dutch rebels against Spain. It marked the English commitment that the 1604 treaty effectively reversed.
Dutch Revolt: A revolt against Habsburg rule in the Low Countries that began in 1568 and developed into a prolonged war. English support for the Dutch rebels was a central dispute addressed at London.
Spanish Netherlands: The southern Low Countries ruled by the Spanish Habsburgs during the early modern period. The treaty constrained English military aid to Spain’s opponents there.

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