Treaty of London (1839)

The treaty in which Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia recognized Belgium as an independent and permanently neutral state, while setting terms for its separation from the Netherlands.

Belgian Revolution: The 1830 revolt that ended Dutch rule in the southern provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The uprising created the independent Belgian state that the treaty recognized.
London Conference of 1830–1831: A diplomatic conference of European powers that addressed Belgium's separation from the Netherlands and its international status. The conference process produced the terms that the 1839 treaty confirmed and revised.
Leopold I of Belgium: The first king of the Belgians, who reigned from 1831 to 1865. His government sought international acceptance of Belgium's independence and borders.
Treaty of London (1867): An agreement that recognized Luxembourg's independence and permanent neutrality after the Luxembourg Crisis. It applied a similar neutrality formula to Luxembourg, but addressed a different territorial dispute.
Belgian neutrality: Belgium's treaty-based status as a state whose neutrality European powers agreed to respect. The treaty made permanent neutrality a defining condition of Belgian independence.
Treaty of the Eighteen Articles: A 1831 settlement proposed by the London Conference to define Belgium's independence and boundaries. It was an earlier, more favorable settlement that the Netherlands rejected.
William I of the Netherlands: King of the Netherlands from 1815 to 1840, who resisted recognizing Belgian independence for years. His eventual acceptance enabled the treaty's settlement to take effect.
Treaty of London (1915): A secret agreement in which the Entente powers promised Italy territorial gains for entering World War I. Despite sharing a name, it was a wartime alliance bargain rather than a neutrality guarantee.
German invasion of Belgium: Germany's 1914 invasion of neutral Belgium at the start of the First World War. The invasion breached the neutrality the treaty had guaranteed.
Treaty of the Twenty-Four Articles: The 1831 London Conference settlement that set Belgium's borders and obligations toward the Netherlands. The 1839 treaty adopted this settlement as the basis for the final separation.

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