Treaty of London

The 1915 secret agreement in which Britain, France, and Russia promised Italy territorial gains in exchange for entering the First World War against Austria-Hungary and its allies.

Italian neutrality in World War I: Italy’s decision to remain outside the First World War when it began in 1914. Neutrality gave the Entente an opening to bargain for Italy’s entry.
Trentino: A mountainous region in the southern Alps, then part of Austria-Hungary and now part of Italy. The treaty promised Italy this Austrian territory.
Secret diplomacy: Diplomatic negotiation conducted confidentially, without public disclosure of its terms. The agreement’s terms were withheld from the public and the other Central Powers.
Treaty of Versailles: The 1919 peace treaty between Germany and the Allied and Associated Powers after the First World War. The wider postwar settlement formed the setting for disputes over the treaty’s promises.
Treaty of Rapallo: The 1920 agreement between Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes that settled their border dispute. It resolved some Adriatic claims left unsettled by the wartime bargain.
Triple Alliance: A prewar military alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, formed in 1882. Italy’s membership made its possible defection strategically significant.
South Tyrol: An Alpine region transferred from Austria to Italy after the First World War. Its transfer was among the treaty’s promised territorial gains.
Treaty of London (1915) terms: The treaty’s provisions promising Italy territory and influence in return for joining the war against Austria-Hungary. These clauses spell out what the signatories promised and what Italy undertook.
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye: The 1919 peace treaty that settled the terms imposed on the Republic of Austria after the First World War. It transferred former Habsburg lands to Italy, but did not fulfill every promise made in 1915.
Dalmatian Italians: Italian-speaking communities historically established in parts of Dalmatia along the eastern Adriatic coast. Their presence figured in arguments over Italy’s territorial claims in the region.

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