Treaty of Nerchinsk

The 1689 agreement between Qing China and Russia that set a boundary in northeastern Asia and regulated trade and relations between the empires.

Russian colonization of Siberia: The expansion of Russian rule across Siberia from the late sixteenth century onward. Russian expansion eastward brought settlers and forts into lands claimed by the Qing.
Nerchinsk negotiations: The 1689 diplomatic talks between Qing and Russian representatives that produced the Treaty of Nerchinsk. Envoys negotiated terms through interpreters and written texts in several languages.
Treaty of Aigun: A 1858 agreement in which Qing China ceded territory north of the Amur River to Russia. It replaced the earlier settlement by shifting the boundary in Russia's favor.
Unequal treaty: A treaty imposed under conditions that give one party substantially greater leverage and often impose one-sided terms. Nerchinsk is often contrasted with later treaties signed by Qing China under severe military pressure.
Qing dynasty: China's last imperial dynasty, founded by Manchu rulers in 1636 and established over China in 1644. The Qing court negotiated from the position of a consolidating empire on the treaty's southern side.
Galdan Boshugtu Khan: A ruler of the Dzungar Khanate who challenged Qing authority in Inner Asia during the late seventeenth century. The Qing court sought to avoid a second front while confronting Galdan in the west.
Convention of Peking: A 1860 agreement that confirmed Russian territorial gains from Qing China and established further frontier changes. It completed a later phase of Russian expansion beyond the boundary framework of 1689.
Treaty of Peking: The 1860 treaty ending the Second Opium War and granting major concessions to Britain and France. Unlike Nerchinsk's negotiated frontier settlement, it followed Qing defeat in war.
Albazin: A Russian fort and settlement on the upper Amur River, besieged by Qing forces in the 1680s. The siege and surrender of Albazin gave the negotiations immediate urgency.
Latin language: An Indo-European language used in diplomacy, scholarship, and liturgy across Europe and beyond. Latin served as a shared written medium in negotiations involving Russian and Qing delegates.

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