Tukulor Empire

A nineteenth-century West African state founded by El Hadj Umar Tall, centered in present-day Mali and lasting from 1852 to 1893.

Tukulor army: The forces organized by Umar Tall and his successors to conquer and defend the empire. Military power enabled territorial expansion and helped hold diverse regions together.
French Sudan: A French colonial territory in West Africa, largely corresponding to present-day Mali. French Sudan consolidated much of the territory lost by the empire.
El Hadj Umar Tall: A West African Islamic scholar and military leader who founded the Tukulor Empire. His religious leadership and military campaigns defined the state’s founding.
Siege of Ségou: The 1861 campaign in which Umar Tall captured Ségou from the Bamana state. This victory made Ségou the empire’s principal political center.
Toucouleur: A West African people concentrated in the Senegal River valley, also known as the Haalpulaar’en. The empire’s ruling dynasty came from this broader people, though its subjects were diverse.
Wassoulou Empire: A nineteenth-century West African state founded by Samori Ture in the region of present-day Guinea and Mali. Its rise followed the Tukulor state’s decline amid competing resistance to French expansion.
Samori Ture: A West African military leader who founded the Wassoulou Empire and resisted French conquest. His expanding state became a neighboring power during the Tukulor Empire’s decline.
Conquest of the Massina Empire: Umar Tall’s 1862 campaign that defeated the Massina Empire in the Inner Niger Delta. The conquest extended Tukulor authority but provoked enduring local resistance.
Ségou: A city on the Niger River that became the Tukulor Empire’s principal capital after its conquest in 1861. Its administration became central to governing the empire’s eastern territories.
Massina Empire: A nineteenth-century Islamic state in the Inner Niger Delta, centered at Hamdullahi. Its conquest by Umar Tall brought the Inner Niger Delta under Tukulor rule.

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