Tumor lysis syndrome

Tumor lysis syndrome is a potentially life-threatening metabolic emergency caused by rapid tumor-cell destruction. Released intracellular contents disrupt blood chemistry and can cause acute kidney injury, arrhythmias, seizures, or death.

Hyperkalemia: An abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood. Potassium released from lysed cells can disrupt cardiac electrical activity.
Cairo–Bishop classification: A framework for classifying laboratory and clinical tumor lysis syndrome using specified biochemical changes and complications. It provides criteria for identifying laboratory abnormalities and clinical disease.
Cell lysis: The rupture or disintegration of cells, releasing their contents into the surrounding environment. Rapid tumor-cell lysis is the event that releases the substances driving the syndrome.
Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome: Tumor lysis syndrome that develops before anticancer treatment begins. It shows that rapid cell destruction can occur without a treatment trigger.
Hyperphosphatemia: An abnormally high concentration of phosphate in the blood. Tumor-cell contents raise phosphate, which can bind calcium and contribute to kidney injury.
Tumor lysis syndrome risk assessment: Evaluation of a patient's likelihood of developing tumor lysis syndrome based on disease and treatment factors. Tumor burden, cancer type, kidney function, and treatment sensitivity guide preventive intensity.
Purine metabolism: The set of biochemical processes that synthesize, recycle, and break down purine nucleotides. Purine breakdown generates uric acid after tumor cells release nucleic acids.
Tumor lysis syndrome prophylaxis: Preventive measures used to reduce the chance or severity of tumor lysis syndrome. Prophylaxis is used before or during treatment, unlike management of an established emergency.
Hyperuricemia: An abnormally high concentration of uric acid in the blood. Breakdown of nucleic acids produces uric acid, which can crystallize in kidney tubules.
Intravenous hydration: Administration of fluids directly into a vein to support circulation and fluid balance. Carefully managed hydration promotes renal excretion of solutes during prevention and treatment.

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