Turkish War of Independence

A conflict fought from 1919 to 1923 in which Turkish nationalists defeated occupying and partitioning forces and established the Republic of Turkey.

Grand National Assembly of Turkey: The parliament established in Ankara in 1920 that became the nationalist movement’s central political authority. It coordinated the nationalist government and directed the war from Ankara.
Armistice of Mudros: The October 1918 armistice that ended Ottoman participation in World War I and enabled Allied occupation. Its occupation provisions opened the way for foreign forces to enter Ottoman territory.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: The Turkish military and political leader who organized the nationalist movement and became the Republic of Turkey’s first president. He led the movement from its early resistance through victory and state-building.
Eastern Front (Turkish War of Independence): The campaign against the Armenian Republic that ended with Turkish forces taking Kars in 1920. Its early settlement freed nationalist resources for the western front.
Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate: The Grand National Assembly’s 1922 decision to end the Ottoman sultanate as a political institution. It removed the rival dynastic authority before the republic was proclaimed.
Turkish National Movement: The political and military movement that resisted foreign occupation and sought Turkish national sovereignty after World War I. It supplied the broader organization behind the war’s armies and institutions.
Occupation of Constantinople: The Allied occupation of the Ottoman capital, formally imposed in March 1920. It strengthened the case for moving nationalist political authority to Ankara.
İsmet İnönü: A Turkish military commander and statesman who served as chief negotiator at the Lausanne Conference and later president. His command at İnönü and diplomacy at Lausanne supported the nationalist cause.
Southern Front (Turkish War of Independence): The conflict in southern Anatolia between Turkish nationalist forces and French troops and local allies. French withdrawal followed negotiated agreements rather than a decisive nationalist battlefield victory.
Republic of Turkey: The state proclaimed in 1923 after the Ottoman sultanate ended and the nationalist movement secured sovereignty. It was the political order established by the nationalist victory.

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