Tutoring

Tutoring is individualized instruction that helps learners understand subject matter, develop skills, or improve academic performance through tailored guidance and practice.

Formative assessment: Assessment used during instruction to identify learning needs and guide next steps. Tutors use it to spot misunderstandings and adjust instruction before the session ends.
Peer tutoring: Instruction in which learners help teach or support other learners, often at similar educational levels. It applies tutoring through structured help among classmates or near-peers.
Lev Vygotsky: A Soviet psychologist whose sociocultural theory emphasized learning through social interaction and guidance. His zone of proximal development helps explain why guided instruction can advance learning.
Classroom teaching: Instruction delivered to a group of learners in a shared classroom setting. Its group format contrasts with tutoring’s attention to an individual learner or small group.
Scaffolding: Temporary support that enables learners to complete tasks they could not yet manage independently. Tutors provide hints and structure, then withdraw them as competence grows.
Online tutoring: Tutoring delivered through internet-based communication, often by video, messaging, or shared digital workspaces. Digital tools let tutors and learners work together across distance.
Benjamin Bloom: An American educational psychologist known for work on learning objectives and mastery learning. His research helped frame tutoring as a way to address individual learning differences.
Mentoring: A developmental relationship in which a more experienced person offers guidance and support. Mentoring may shape long-term growth without the subject-focused instruction typical of tutoring.
Feedback: Information about performance that helps a person understand progress and improve future work. Specific, timely feedback turns practice into a guide for the learner’s next attempt.
Reading tutoring: Individualized instruction focused on reading skills such as decoding, fluency, and comprehension. It shows how tutoring can target a specific academic skill domain.

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