Twelve-Day War

The Twelve-Day War was a June 2025 conflict between Israel and Iran, involving Israeli and U.S. strikes on Iranian targets and Iranian missile attacks on Israel.

Operation Rising Lion: The Israeli military operation launched against Iranian targets on June 13, 2025. It opened the conflict with strikes on Iranian nuclear, military, and leadership targets.
Iranian nuclear deal: The 2015 agreement that limited Iran's nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief. Its collapse and the failure to restore its limits formed part of the diplomatic backdrop.
Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant: An Iranian underground uranium-enrichment facility near Qom. It was among the nuclear sites targeted by U.S. bunker-penetrating munitions.
Deterrence: A strategy intended to prevent an action by threatening costs that outweigh its expected benefits. Both governments used military demonstrations to shape future calculations and prevent further attacks.
Operation Midnight Hammer: The U.S. operation that struck Iranian nuclear facilities on June 22, 2025. It brought direct U.S. attacks on Iran into the conflict.
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action: The formal name of the 2015 agreement restricting Iran's nuclear activities. Its provisions and breakdown shaped international debate over Iran's nuclear progress.
Natanz Nuclear Facility: Iran's major uranium-enrichment complex in Isfahan province. Israeli strikes damaged facilities at Natanz during the conflict.
United Nations Security Council: The UN body responsible for maintaining international peace and security. Its emergency discussions reflected international concern over escalation and the use of force.
Iranian missile attacks on Israel (2025): Iran's missile and drone attacks on Israel during the June 2025 conflict. They were Iran's principal direct military response to the Israeli campaign.
Israel–Iran proxy conflict: A long-running rivalry fought through direct threats, covert action, and allied armed groups. The 2025 direct war followed decades of hostility and indirect confrontation.

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2026 Iran warCompared with: It is a recent precedent for direct confrontation involving the same states.