Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt

The final dynasty of Egypt’s New Kingdom, ruling from about 1189 to 1077 BCE. Its kings faced foreign incursions, economic strain, and weakening central authority.

Ramesses III: The second pharaoh of Egypt’s Twentieth Dynasty, who repelled major invasions and was later murdered in a palace conspiracy. His reign brought the dynasty’s strongest military defense, followed by a succession crisis.
Battle of the Delta: A naval battle in which Ramesses III’s forces defeated attackers associated with the Sea Peoples in the Nile Delta. The victory illustrates the dynasty’s response to incursions from the eastern Mediterranean.
Medinet Habu: A mortuary temple complex in western Thebes built chiefly by Ramesses III. Its reliefs and inscriptions record the king’s campaigns and present his claims to legitimate rule.
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt: The Egyptian dynasty preceding the Twentieth, known for rulers including Seti I and Ramesses II. The Twentieth Dynasty continued the Ramesside royal tradition established by its predecessor.
Ramesses IV: A pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty who organized a major expedition to the Wadi Hammamat quarries. He inherited the throne after Ramesses III’s murder and pursued ambitious building plans.
Sea Peoples: A modern collective name for groups recorded as migrating or raiding around the eastern Mediterranean in the Late Bronze Age. Their attacks tested the dynasty’s military capacity during Ramesses III’s reign.
Harris Papyrus: A large Egyptian papyrus listing royal donations and events from the reign of Ramesses III. It preserves a royal account of the resources and religious endowments supporting the dynasty.
Setnakhte: The founder of Egypt’s Twentieth Dynasty, who took power after a period of succession conflict. His accession established the royal line that ruled through Ramesses XI.
Ramesses IX: A pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty whose reign included investigations into tomb robberies in the Theban necropolis. The records from his reign expose corruption and insecurity in the dynasty’s later years.
Deir el-Medina strikes: Work stoppages by royal tomb workers at Deir el-Medina during the reign of Ramesses III, caused by delayed rations. The strikes are an unusually direct record of economic strain reaching state employees.

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